|
Despite the abolition of slavery in Russia in 1723, when Peter the Great converted household slaves to serfs, Russia remains the 6th largest holder of slaves, estimated at 516,000 in 2013. 〔http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/2013/GlobalSlaveryIndex_2013_Download_WEB1.pdf〕 In June 2013, US Department of State released a report on slavery, placing Russia in the worst offenders category.〔http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/27-million-people-said-to-live-in-modern-slavery/?_r=〕〔http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/19/19042103-modern-day-slavery-state-dept-says-millions-of-human-trafficking-victims-go-unidentified〕 This slavery mostly affects the Uzbekistan and Tajikistan nationals who migrate to Russia but have problems with the Federal Migration Service.〔(Victoria Lomasko's reports about 'shop slaves' )〕〔(BBC News "Trafficking: The ordeal of a Moscow 'shop slave'" )〕〔(U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2009 )〕〔(Institute for War and Peace Special Report: Uzbeks Prey to Modern Slave Trade )〕 ==History== In Kievan Rus and Muscovy, legal systems usually referred to slaves as ''kholopy''. A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life: he could kill him, sell him, or use him as payment upon a debt. The master, however, had responsibility before the law for his kholop's actions. Individuals could become kholop as a result of capture, selling themselves, being sold for debts, committing crimes, or marriage to a kholop. Until the late 10th century, the kholopy represented a majority among the servants who worked lords' lands. The Russian lands continued in their historic function as a source of slaves for outsiders.〔 Note the traditional etymology of the word "slave" from the ethnonym ''Slav'': 〕 For example, in 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan Tokhtamysh sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves; similar raids occurred routinely until well into the 16th century.〔The Full Collection of the Russian Annals, vol.13, SPb, 1904〕 In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray and his Kazan allies attacked Moscow and captured thousands of slaves.〔(The Tatar Khanate of Crimea )〕〔(Supply of Slaves )〕 In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves.〔(Moscow - Historical background )〕 In Crimea, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves.〔(Historical survey > Slave societies )〕 Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands continued into the 18th century. Michał Tyszkiewicz, the Lithuanian envoy to the Crimean Tatars in 1537–1539, wrote: By the sixteenth century, the slave population of the Grand Duchy of Moscow consisted mostly of those who had sold themselves into slavery owing to poverty.〔Richard Hellie, ''Slavery in Russia, 1450-1725'' (1984)〕 They worked predominantly as household servants, among the richest families, and indeed generally produced less than they consumed.〔Carolyn Johnston Pouncey, ''The Domostroi: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible'', p15 ISBN 0-8014-9689-6〕 Laws forbade slaveowners to free slaves in times of famine in order to avoid feeding them, and slaves generally remained with their owning family for a long time; the ''Domostroy'', an advice book, speaks of the need to choose slaves of good character and to provide for them properly.〔Carolyn Johnston Pouncey, ''The Domostroi: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible'', p33 ISBN 0-8014-9689-6〕 Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs. The government of Tsar Feodor III had formally converted Russian agricultural slaves into serfs earlier, in 1679.〔〔 Compare: 〕 Indigenous peoples of Siberia - notably the Yakuts and the Buryats of Eastern Siberia - practised slavery on a small scale.〔 With the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries, Russians enslaved natives in military operations and in Cossack raids.〔 Cases involving native women were frequent, hold as concubines, sometimes mortgaged to other men and traded for commercial profit.〔 The Russian government generally opposed the conversion of natives to Christianity because it would free them from paying the yasak, the fur tribute.〔 The government decreed that the non-Christian slaves were to be freed.〔 This in turn led local Russian owners of slaves to petition the government for conversion and even involved forced conversions of their slaves.〔 The rules stipulated that the native convert became a serf of the converter.〔 As an indication of the extent of the slavery system, one voyevoda reported in 1712 that "there is hardly a Cossack in Yakutsk who does not have natives as slaves". Recent reports have identified human trafficking and slavery of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan nationals in contemporary Russian society.〔(Victoria Lomasko's reports about 'shop slaves' )〕〔(BBC News "Trafficking: The ordeal of a Moscow 'shop slave'" )〕〔(U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2009 ) 〕〔 (Institute for War and Peace Special Report: Uzbeks Prey to Modern Slave Trade ) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Slavery in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|